Chapter 5
Verses 1-5: Reiteration of the Covenant at Horeb
1. “And Moses summoned all Israel and said to them, ‘Hear, O Israel, the statutes and the rules that I speak in your hearing today, and you shall learn them and be careful to do them.”
2. “The Lord our God made a covenant with us in Horeb.”
3. “Not with our fathers did the Lord make this covenant, but with us, who are all of us here alive today.”
4. “The Lord spoke with you face to face at the mountain, out of the midst of the fire,”
5. “while I stood between the Lord and you at that time, to declare to you the word of the Lord; for you were afraid because of the fire, and you did not go up into the mountain. He said:”
Interpretation:
These opening verses set the stage for the reiteration of the covenant and the Ten Commandments. Moses emphasizes that this covenant was made directly with those present, highlighting its immediate relevance. The face-to-face encounter at Horeb (Sinai), mediated by Moses, underscores the direct and personal nature of the covenant between God and Israel.
Verses 6-21: The Ten Commandments
6. “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.”
7. “You shall have no other gods before me.”
8. “You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.”
9. “You shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me,”
10. “but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.”
11. “You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.”
12. “Observe the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, as the Lord your God commanded you.”
13. “Six days you shall labor and do all your work,”
14. “but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God. On it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter or your male servant or your female servant, or your ox or your donkey or any of your livestock, or the sojourner who is within your gates, that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you.”
15. “You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day.”
16. “Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God commanded you, that your days may be long, and that it may go well with you in the land that the Lord your God is giving you.”
17. “You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.”
18. “And you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife. And you shall not desire your neighbor’s house, his field, or his male servant, or his female servant, his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor’s.”
19. “These words the Lord spoke to all your assembly at the mountain out of the midst of the fire, the cloud, and the thick darkness, with a loud voice; and he added no more. And he wrote them on two tablets of stone and gave them to me.”
20. “And as soon as you heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, while the mountain was burning with fire, you came near to me, all the heads of your tribes, and your elders.”
21. “And you said, ‘Behold, the Lord our God has shown us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire. This day we have seen God speak with man, and man still live.”
Interpretation:
The Ten Commandments, foundational to Jewish ethical and religious life, are presented here. These commandments encompass principles of monotheism, prohibition of idolatry, sanctity of God’s name, observance of the Sabbath, honoring parents, and prohibitions against murder, adultery, theft, bearing false witness, and covetousness. They represent a comprehensive ethical system that governs both the relationship between humans and God and between individuals.
Verses 22-30: Israel’s Response to the Divine Revelation
22. “Now therefore why should we die? For this great fire will consume us; if we hear the voice of the Lord our God any more, we shall die.”
23. “For who is there of all flesh, who has heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of fire as we have, and has still lived?”
24. “Go near and hear all that the Lord our God will say, and speak to us all that the Lord our God will speak to you, and we will hear and do it.”
25. “And the Lord heard your words, when you spoke to me. And the Lord said to me, ‘I have heard the words of this people, which they have spoken to you. They are right in all that they have spoken.”
26. “Oh that they had such a heart as this always, to fear me and to keep all my commandments, that it might go well with them and with their children forever!”
27. “Go and say to them, ‘Return to your tents.’”
28. “But you, stand here by Me, and I will speak to you all the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments which you shall teach them, that they may observe them in the land which I am giving them to possess.”
29. “Therefore, you shall observe to do just as the LORD your God has commanded you; you shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.”
30. “You shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God has commanded you, that you may live, and that it may be well with you, and that you may prolong your days in the land which you shall possess.”
Interpretation:
In verses 22-28, the Israelites’ reaction to the divine revelation at Sinai. Their fear and awe in response to God’s presence and voice highlight the extraordinary nature of this encounter. The people’s request for Moses to mediate between them and God illustrates their recognition of the need for an intermediary in this profound and fearsome engagement with the divine. God’s response to the people’s request acknowledges the validity of their fear and their desire for Moses as an intermediary. His expression of hope that they would always have such reverence and commitment to His commandments reflects a deep desire for a lasting and obedient relationship with the people of Israel. This section closes with the instruction for the people to return to their normal life, signaling the end of this extraordinary divine encounter. In verse 28, God instructs Moses to remain on the mountain to receive additional laws and teachings. This directive underscores Moses’ unique role as the mediator of God’s law, responsible for conveying His commandments to the people. Verse 29-30 emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to these commandments. The instruction not to deviate “to the right hand or to the left” serves as a metaphor for remaining faithful to the divine commandments without alteration or compromise. This verse encapsulates a key theme of Deuteronomy: the call to unwavering obedience and commitment to the laws given by God as the path to a prosperous and righteous life in the promised land.
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