Chapter 22
Verses 1-29: Social Ethics and Communal Responsibility
1. “You shall not see your brother’s ox or his sheep go astray and hide yourself from them; you shall certainly bring them back to your brother.
2. And if your brother is not near you, or if you do not know him, then you shall bring it to your own house, and it shall remain with you until your brother seeks it; then you shall return it to him.
3. You shall do the same with his donkey, and so shall you do with his garment; and with any lost thing of your brother’s, which he has lost and you have found, you shall do likewise; you must not ignore them.
4. You shall not see your brother’s donkey or his ox fall down along the road and hide yourself from them; you shall surely help him to lift them up again.
5. A woman shall not wear anything that pertains to a man, nor shall a man put on a woman’s garment, for all who do so are an abomination to the Lord your God.
6. If a bird’s nest happens to be before you along the way, in any tree or on the ground, with young ones or eggs, with the mother sitting on the young or on the eggs, you shall not take the mother with the young;
7. you shall surely let the mother go, and take the young for yourself, that it may be well with you and that you may prolong your days.
8. When you build a new house, then you shall make a parapet for your roof, that you may not bring guilt of bloodshed on your household if anyone falls from it.
9. You shall not sow your vineyard with different kinds of seed, lest the yield of the seed which you have sown and the fruit of your vineyard be defiled.
10. You shall not plow with an ox and a donkey together.
11. You shall not wear a garment of different sorts, as of woolen and linen mixed together.
12. You shall make tassels on the four corners of the clothing with which you cover yourself.
13. If any man takes a wife, and goes in to her, and detests her,
14. and charges her with shameful conduct, and brings a bad name on her, and says, ‘I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found she was not a virgin,’
15. then the father and the mother of the young woman shall take and bring out the evidence of the young woman’s virginity to the elders of the city at the gate.
16. And the young woman’s father shall say to the elders, ‘I gave my daughter to this man as wife, and he detests her.
17. Now he has charged her with shameful conduct, saying, “I found your daughter was not a virgin,” but these are the evidence of my daughter’s virginity.’ And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city.
18. And the elders of that city shall take that man and punish him;
19. and they shall fine him one hundred shekels of silver and give them to the father of the young woman, because he has brought a bad name on a virgin of Israel. And she shall be his wife; he cannot divorce her all his days.
20. But if this thing is true, and the evidence of virginity are not found for the young woman,
21. then they shall bring out the young woman to the door of her father’s house, and the men of her city shall stone her to death with stones, because she has done a disgraceful thing in Israel, to play the harlot in her father’s house. So you shall put away the evil from among you.
22. If a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband, then both of them shall die—the man who lay with the woman, and the woman; so you shall put away the evil from Israel.
23. If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her,
24. then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city, and you shall stone them to death with stones—the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he has humbled his neighbor’s wife; so you shall put away the evil from among you.
25. But if a man finds a betrothed young woman in the countryside, and the man forces her and lies with her, then only the man who lay with her shall die.
26. But you shall do nothing to the young woman; there is in the young woman no sin deserving of death, for just as when a man rises against his neighbor and kills him, even so is this matter.
27. For he found her in the countryside, and the betrothed young woman cried out, but there was no one to save her.
28. If a man finds a young woman who is a virgin, who is not betrothed, and he seizes her and lies with her, and they are found,
29. then the man who lay with her shall give to the young woman’s father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall become his wife because he has humbled her; he may not divorce her all his days.
Interpretation:
Chapter 22 of Deuteronomy contains a diverse set of laws addressing social responsibility, gender norms, property rights, and sexual ethics. The opening verses emphasize the importance of caring for a neighbor’s property and animals, highlighting a sense of communal responsibility and empathy. The regulations regarding clothing and mixed materials reflect cultural and religious distinctiveness. The laws about marriage and sexual conduct reveal the societal values and norms of the time, particularly regarding the sanctity of marriage and the protection of women’s rights within the context of their societal structure. The distinctions made in cases of sexual assault demonstrate an early form of legal differentiation based on circumstance and consent. Overall, this chapter illustrates the intricate web of social, ethical, and religious principles guiding the Israelite community.
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